English learning and IELTS preparation

Research
,

提高

词性

有点记不住呢

实词

  • 名词（Noun）：表示人、事物、地点、概念 n.
  • 代词（Pronoun）：代替名词或名词性成分 pron.
  • 动词（Verb）：表示动作、状态、存在、变化 v.
  • 形容词（Adjective）：表示性质、状态，修饰名词 adj.
  • 数词（Numeral）：表示数目、顺序 num.
  • 量词（Measure word）：表示事物单位（汉语特有） mw.
  • 副词（Adverb）：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句 adv.

虚词

  • 介词（Preposition）：表示时间、地点、方式等 prep.
  • 连词（Conjunction）：连接词、短语或句子 conj.
  • 助词（Particle）：表示语气、结构 part.
  • 叹词（Interjection）：表示感叹、呼唤、应答 int.
  • 拟声词（Onomatopoeia）：表示声音模仿 ono.

英语八大词类

Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjections

e.g: Although the chef had to operate skillfully in the busy kitchen / where a large number of tasks were waiting to be finished / he still managed to transform the simple apple and the ripe tomato into a delicate dish / that amazed every guest in the restaurant.

造句

基本句型

  1. 主语 + 谓语 (SV)
    • I run. （我跑。）
    • Birds sing. （鸟儿唱。）
  2. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 (SVO)
    • I love apples. （我爱苹果。）
    • She reads books. （她读书。）
  3. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 (SVC)
    • I am happy. （我很开心。）
    • He is a teacher. （他是一名老师。）
  4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (SVOO)
    • I gave him a gift. （我给了他一份礼物。）
    • She told me a story. （她给我讲了一个故事。）
  5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 (SVOC)
    • They made me angry. （他们让我生气。）
    • We elected him president. （我们选他当总统。）

从句

一个词就叫做单词，两个及两个以上单词构成的就叫做短语，一个以上单词构成且含有主语和谓语的就叫做从句

名词性从句 (当作名词用)

功能：可以当 主语、宾语、表语、同位语，that起引导作用

  • 主语从句：What he said is true.（他说的话是真的。）
  • 宾语从句：I know that he is smart.（我知道他很聪明。）
  • 表语从句：The truth is that he lied.（事实是他撒谎了。）
  • 同位语从句：The fact that he passed surprised us.（他通过了这个事实让我们惊讶。）

定语从句 (当作形容词用)

功能：修饰名词。由 关系代词/关系副词 引导（who, which, that, where, when…），that做关系代词，有“那个…”的含义

  • The man who is standing there is my teacher.
    （站在那里的男人是我的老师。）
  • I like the book that you gave me.
    （我喜欢你给我的那本书。）

状语从句 (当作副词用)

功能：修饰谓语，说明时间、原因、条件、结果、目的、让步等。

  • 时间：I will go when he comes.（他来的时候我会走。）
1
2
When I read a book, I am happy.
As I got older, I came to understand my parents.

表示：when, as, while, after, before, till, as soon as

  • 原因：I stayed at home because it rained.（因为下雨我待在家里。）
1
Because I was fucked, I went to bed early.

表示：because, as, since

  • 条件：You can go if you finish homework.（如果你做完作业就能去。）
1
If it is fine tomorrow (如果), we will go on a picnic
  • 让步：I went out though it was raining.（虽然下雨我还是出去了。）
1
Although he was tired, he got up early this morning and went to the hospital to fuck her.

表示：though, although, even, though, while

伴随状语

修饰谓语动词，说明主句动作发生时的伴随状态或方式

  • He came in smiling.（smiling = 伴随状语，说明进来时伴随微笑）
  • She stood there with tears in her eyes.（with tears… = 伴随状语，说明站立时伴随的状态）

总结：伴随状语 = 主句动作 + 同时发生/伴随的另一动作或状态。

虚拟语气

虚拟语气是由句中的谓语变化来体现的，可以用于下面几种，一般用 if 来引导

条件句虚拟

If I were you, I would study harder.（与现在事实相反）
If he had come earlier, he would have caught the train.（与过去事实相反）
If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.（与将来事实相反）

愿望虚拟

I wish I were taller.（对现在不满）
I wish I had studied harder.（对过去不满）
I wish it would stop raining.（对将来表示希望或担忧）

建议/要求虚拟

在 suggest / insist / demand / require / order / important / necessary / essential 等词后，从句用 (should) + 动词原形。
The teacher suggested that he (should) study harder.

表示目的、让步等的固定句型

as if / as though（好像）

  • He talks as if he knew everything.（他说话好像他什么都懂——实际上并不懂。）

It’s (high) time + 从句（动词过去式）

  • It’s time we went home.（该回家了。）

表示目的、让步等的固定句型

在某些表推测的结构中

Without your help, I couldn’t have finished the work.（要不是你帮忙，我就完不成工作。）
But for your advice, I would have failed. （要不是你的建议，我会失败。）

时态

一般时态

表示习惯、事实或单纯动作

  1. 一般现在时

    结构：主语 + 动词原形 / 第三人称单数加 -s/-es
    例：She works every day.
    用法：表示习惯、客观事实、普遍真理。

  2. 一般过去时
    结构：主语 + 动词过去式
    例：He visited London last year.
    用法：表示过去发生的动作或状态。

  3. 一般将来时
    结构：主语 + will/shall + 动词原形
    例：They will arrive tomorrow.
    用法：表示将来要发生的动作。

  4. 一般过去将来时
    结构：主语 + would/should + 动词原形
    例：He said he would go.
    用法：表示“过去所预期的将来”。

进行时态

强调动作正在进行

  1. 现在进行时
    结构：am/is/are + 动词-ing
    例：She is reading now.
    用法：表示此刻正在发生的动作。
  2. 过去进行时
    结构：was/were + 动词-ing
    例：They were watching TV at 8 p.m.
    用法：表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
  3. 将来进行时
    结构：will be + 动词-ing
    例：I will be working at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
    用法：表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。
  4. 过去将来进行时
    结构：would be + 动词-ing
    例：He said he would be waiting at the station.
    用法：表示“过去所设想的将来某时正在进行的动作”。

完成时态

强调动作的完成或结果

  1. 现在完成时
    结构：have/has + 过去分词
    例：I have finished my homework.
    用法：表示过去发生的动作对现在有影响。
  2. 过去完成时
    结构：had + 过去分词
    例：She had left before I arrived.
    用法：表示过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。
  3. 将来完成时
    结构：will have + 过去分词
    例：By next year, I will have graduated.
    用法：表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动作。
  4. 过去将来完成时
    结构：would have + 过去分词
    例：He said he would have finished by then.
    用法：表示“从过去的角度看，将来某时已经完成”。

完成进行时态

强调动作的持续

  1. 现在完成进行时
    结构：have/has been + 动词-ing
    例：I have been studying for two hours.
    用法：表示动作从过去一直持续到现在，并可能继续。
  2. 过去完成进行时
    结构：had been + 动词-ing
    例：They had been waiting for an hour before the bus came.
    用法：表示过去某个动作持续到另一动作之前。
  3. 将来完成进行时
    结构：will have been + 动词-ing
    例：By next month, I will have been working here for five years.
    用法：表示动作持续到将来某时。
  4. 过去将来完成进行时
    结构：would have been + 动词-ing
    例：He said he would have been working there for 10 years by 2020.
    用法：表示“从过去的角度看，将来某时一个动作已持续一段时间”。
时态类别 \ 时间 过去 (Past) 现在 (Present) 将来 (Future) 过去将来 (Past Future)
一般时态 一般过去时
He visited London.		 一般现在时
She works every day.		 一般将来时
They will arrive tomorrow.		 一般过去将来时
He said he would go.
进行时态 过去进行时
They were watching TV.		 现在进行时
She is reading now.		 将来进行时
I will be working tomorrow.		 过去将来进行时
He said he would be waiting.
完成时态 过去完成时
She had left before I arrived.		 现在完成时
I have finished my homework.		 将来完成时
I will have graduated by next year.		 过去将来完成时
He said he would have finished.
完成进行时态 过去完成进行时
They had been waiting for an hour.		 现在完成进行时
I have been studying for two hours.		 将来完成进行时
I will have been working for 5 years.		 过去将来完成进行时
He said he would have been working for 10 years.

被动语态

公式：主语 + be动词 + 过去分词 (V-ed / V3) (+ by + 动作执行者)

例子：

  • 主动：The teacher praised (受到赞扬) him.
  • 被动：He was praised by the teacher.

用法

  1. 强调动作承受者：The bridge was built in 1990.
  2. 执行者未知/不重要：English is spoken all over the world.
  3. 客观、正式语境：The experiment was carried out successfully.

时态格式

时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 They make cars. Cars are made.
一般过去时 They built this house. This house was built.
一般将来时 They will finish the work. The work will be finished.
一般过去将来时 He said they would finish it. He said it would be finished.
现在进行时 They are repairing the car. The car is being repaired.
过去进行时 They were repairing the car. The car was being repaired.
现在完成时 They have finished the work. The work has been finished.
过去完成时 They had finished the work. The work had been finished.
将来完成时 They will have finished the work. The work will have been finished.
现在完成进行时 They have been discussing the plan. （一般不用被动）
过去完成进行时 They had been discussing the plan. （一般不用被动）
情态动词 They can solve the problem. The problem can be solved.

特殊情况

双宾语被动
  • 主动：They gave me a book.
  • 被动1：I was given a book.
  • 被动2：A book was given to me.
动词短语的被动
  • 主动：They look after the children.
  • 被动：The children are looked after.
不定式/动名词的被动
  • 不定式：He wants to be invited.
  • 动名词：He enjoys being praised.

主动变被动，宾语做主语；助动 be + 过去分词，by 可有可无。

阅读

浏览（Skimming）：先快速扫一遍标题、首段和每段首句，抓住文章主题，通读上下文语境。

略读（Scanning）：带着问题去找关键词，不必逐字读，定位信息。

结构意识：注意转折词（however, although, but）、因果词（because, therefore）、并列词（and, also），帮助理解逻辑

抓主干句：先识别主语、谓语、宾语，跳过修饰成分，保证先明白“大意”。

关键词记忆：划出名词、动词、数字、时间等核心信息。

总结：读完后用一句话总结文章的主旨，强化记忆。

卷面分布

英语一

Cloze（20题/10分）

Reading Comprehension

  • Part A（20题/40分）

  • Part B新题型（5题/10分）

  • Part C（5题/10分）

Writing

  • 小作文 应用文（1题/10分）

  • 大作文 图画/图表作文（1题/20分）

雅思

IELTS Academic，9分制 / 2小时45分钟

  • Listening（40题 / 30分钟）
    • Section 1–4（对话 + 独白）
  • Reading（40题 / 60分钟）
    • 3 篇文章（学术类文本，题型多样：选择题、匹配、填空等）
  • Writing（2篇 / 60分钟）
    • Task 1（图表、流程、数据分析，约150词）
    • Task 2（议论文，约250词）
  • Speaking（3部分 / 11–14分钟）
    • Part 1（问答：个人/日常）
    • Part 2（话题卡，1分钟准备 + 2分钟陈述）
    • Part 3（深入讨论）