Solana Development Notes

本文撰写于2025年02月11日15时21分55秒，恰逢去年年底部署了几个合约，遂将其中若干错误之处一并删除，如有问题请在评论区留言

学习完以太坊基础知识和比特币白皮书后接着来学习 Solana，官方文档 https://solana.com/zh/docs?locale=docs

关于 Solana 所采用的加密算法，在 Solana 中采用了 Ed25519 curve 非对称加密算法，用于生成数字签名和验证数字签名。与对称加密算法不同，非对称加密使用一对密钥：pubkey 公钥与 secretkey 私钥，如果使用公钥加密，则只有对应的私钥能够进行解密；如果使用私钥加密，则可以使用对应的公钥验证签名，即判断该签名是否由私钥的持有者发起。

Solana 使用 Rust 语言进行开发。若您此前未接触过 Rust，建议先花些时间阅读相关资料。以下是我整理的一些 Rust 教程：

• https://cheats.rs/
• https://course.rs/first-try/editor.html
• https://cirno.me/note/597.html

Introduction

Solana 的高性能网络是其突出的亮点之一。为实现高吞吐量，Solana 采用了许多独特的技术，其中最为关键的是时间戳技术——Proof of History（PoH）。PoH 是 Solana 的一项创新，它把时间序列作为区块链的一部分，允许节点在无需全网同步的情况下验证交易的顺序，从而大幅提升了系统的处理效率。Solana 的区块链与其他区块链不同，它采用了”单链架构”，这一点有别于以太坊和比特币的多链架构。Solana 的设计允许其在单个区块内处理大量交易，且无需链间通信或合并，因此可以达到每秒数万笔交易的吞吐量。Solana 同样支持智能合约与去中心化应用（DApps），但与以太坊相比，其智能合约运行更加高效、成本更低。Solana 的智能合约使用 Rust 或者 C 语言编写，而不是以太坊上的 Solidity 语言，这给开发者带来了一些新的挑战，但也提供了更大的灵活性和更强的性能。

Solana 白皮书：https://solana.com/solana-whitepaper.pdf

关于 Solana 的网络

Solana 的网络环境分为开发网、测试网、主网三类：开发网供 Solana 节点开发使用，更新频繁；测试网主要面向 DApp 开发者，相对稳定

• DevNet: https://api.devnet.solana.com
• TestNet: https://api.testnet.solana.com
• MainNet: https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com

Develop Environment

首先安装 Rust 环境

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y

接着下载 Solana 的 CLI

sh -c "$(curl -sSfL https://release.anza.xyz/stable/install)"

下载完成后，程序会提示配置环境变量，按提示配置即可

❯ sh -c "$(curl -sSfL https://release.anza.xyz/stable/install)"
downloading stable installer
  ✨ stable commit 035c4eb initialized
Adding 
export PATH="~/.local/share/solana/install/active_release/bin:$PATH" to ~/.profile
Adding 
export PATH="~/.local/share/solana/install/active_release/bin:$PATH" to ~/.zprofile
Adding 
export PATH="~/.local/share/solana/install/active_release/bin:$PATH" to ~/.bash_profile

Close and reopen your terminal to apply the PATH changes or run the following in your existing shell:
  
export PATH="~/.local/share/solana/install/active_release/bin:$PATH"

接着输入 solana --version 查看版本

以下列举几条常用命令

• 配置网络

solana config set --url https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com # 主网
# 或者
solana config set --url mainnet-beta
solana config set --url devnet
solana config set --url localhost
solana config set --url testnet

• 创建钱包

❯ solana-keygen new --outfile ~/wallet_test.json # 保管好
Generating a new keypair

For added security, enter a BIP39 passphrase

NOTE! This passphrase improves security of the recovery seed phrase NOT the
keypair file itself, which is stored as insecure plain text

BIP39 Passphrase (empty for none): 

Wrote new keypair to ~/wallet_test.json
==============================================================================
pubkey: XXXXXXXXXxcrXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXdMNUxM
==============================================================================
Save this seed phrase and your BIP39 passphrase to recover your new keypair:
sun isolate mystery flock yellow stool entry ability since topple wealth input
==============================================================================

此处生成的助记词即对应 BIP39 标准

https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki

• 查看账户信息，首次创建可通过水龙头领取测试代币 https://faucet.solana.com/

❯ solana-keygen pubkey # 看看你的
DxBvK8JrWVn26TWpmfUTr1Xdzyz9U64VP7UPFw8ALp6e

此处关联 GitHub 账号即可领取一定数量的测试网 SOL

只可惜这些并非真金白银。

也可以通过以下命令获取

solana airdrop

• 转账

solana transfer <destination-public-key> <amount> --from ~/my-wallet.json

• 创建代币账户（用于接收和持有 SPL Token 的新账户）

solana spl-token create-account <mint-address>

• 获取区块链的最新区块信息

solana block

• 部署智能合约

solana program deploy <path-to-your-program>

• 更新 Solana

solana update

需求一：假设手中有两个钱包需要互相转账，可以使用以下命令

❯ solana config set --keypair ~/wallet_a.json
Config File: ~/.config/solana/cli/config.yml
RPC URL: https://api.devnet.solana.com 
WebSocket URL: wss://api.devnet.solana.com/ (computed)
Keypair Path: ~/wallet_a.json 
Commitment: confirmed 
❯ solana address
Examp1eWa11etAddress11111111111111111111
❯ solana config set --keypair ~/wallet_b.json
Config File: ~/.config/solana/cli/config.yml
RPC URL: https://api.devnet.solana.com 
WebSocket URL: wss://api.devnet.solana.com/ (computed)
Keypair Path: ~/wallet_b.json 
Commitment: confirmed 
❯ solana address
DxBvK8JrWVn26TWpmfUTr1Xdzyz9U64VP7UPFw8ALp6e

需求二：由 B 钱包向 A 钱包转账

❯ solana address
DxBvK8JrWVn26TWpmfUTr1Xdzyz9U64VP7UPFw8ALp6e
❯ solana balance
10 SOL
❯ solana transfer Examp1eWa11etAddress11111111111111111111 5 --from wallet_b.json
Error: The recipient address (Examp1eWa11etAddress11111111111111111111) is not funded. Add `--allow-unfunded-recipient` to complete the transfer 
❯ solana transfer Examp1eWa11etAddress11111111111111111111 5 --from wallet_b.json --allow-unfunded-recipient

Signature: 4ks6o14TXUVkGpHY1P7NvPudeCiCAXrWg3mJS8JXVrseCm7pCnsWSnKAKNfqmSq8nZKJUJAQ1nY4kNZUbue4ASpd

❯ solana config set --keypair ~/wallet_a.json
Config File: ~/.config/solana/cli/config.yml
RPC URL: https://api.devnet.solana.com 
WebSocket URL: wss://api.devnet.solana.com/ (computed)
Keypair Path: ~/wallet_a.json 
Commitment: confirmed 
❯ solana balance
5 SOL

该笔交易的详细信息可在开发网上查看

https://explorer.solana.com/tx/4ks6o14TXUVkGpHY1P7NvPudeCiCAXrWg3mJS8JXVrseCm7pCnsWSnKAKNfqmSq8nZKJUJAQ1nY4kNZUbue4ASpd?cluster=devnet

Solana Concept

账户模型

结构体

pub struct Account {
    /// lamports in the account
    pub lamports: u64,
    /// data held in this account
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(with = "serde_bytes"))]
    pub data: Vec<u8>,
    /// the program that owns this account. If executable, the program that loads this account.
    pub owner: Pubkey,
    /// this account's data contains a loaded program (and is now read-only)
    pub executable: bool,
    /// the epoch at which this account will next owe rent
    pub rent_epoch: Epoch,
}

该结构体涉及的字段较多，详见官方文档

https://solana.com/zh/docs/core/accounts

Solana RPC

关于 RPC 的详细介绍此处不再展开。简言之，在 Solana 中，RPC（Remote Procedure Call） 是与 Solana 区块链进行交互的核心方式，RPC 接口允许开发者通过调用预定义的 API 来获取区块链上的数据、提交交易或执行其他操作，Solana 的 RPC API 提供了高效的接口，能够支持快速读取链上数据及执行交易

本节开头已作介绍，以下给出几条通过 CURL 调用的命令

• getAccountInfo，查询账户信息，包括账户余额、持有的代币等

❯ curl -X POST https://api.devnet.solana.com \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{
        "jsonrpc": "2.0",
        "id": 1,
        "method": "getAccountInfo",
        "params": ["DxBvK8JrWVn26TWpmfUTr1Xdzyz9U64VP7UPFw8ALp6e"]
    }'
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":{"context":{"apiVersion":"2.1.11","slot":360308523},"value":{"data":"","executable":false,"lamports":4999995000,"owner":"11111111111111111111111111111111","rentEpoch":18446744073709551615,"space":0}},"id":1}

• getBalance，获取指定账户的 SOL 余额

curl -X POST https://api.devnet.solana.com \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{
        "jsonrpc": "2.0",
        "id": 1,
        "method": "getBalance",
        "params": ["DxBvK8JrWVn26TWpmfUTr1Xdzyz9U64VP7UPFw8ALp6e"]
    }'
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","result":{"context":{"apiVersion":"2.1.11","slot":360308809},"value":4999995000},"id":1}

详见

https://solana.com/zh/docs/rpc

Solana Hello World

此处直接以官方 Hello World 项目为例

git clone https://github.com/solana-labs/example-helloworld

较为基础的环境搭建此处不再说明。先将 URL 设置为 localhost 集群，然后启动

solana config set --url localhost
solana-test-validator # 启动本地集群

此处可通过发送交易进行测试

curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8899 \
		-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{
        "jsonrpc": "2.0",
        "id": 1,
        "method": "getAccountInfo",
        "params": ["DxBvK8JrWVn26TWpmfUTr1Xdzyz9U64VP7UPFw8ALp6e"]
    }'

此处引入 Web3.js，其具体用途不再赘述：npm install --save @solana/web3.js@1

https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-web3.js

https://solana-labs.github.io/solana-web3.js/

构建项目

npm run build:program-rust

启动客户端

npm run start
solana program deploy dist/program/helloworld.so # 不熟链上程序

代码解析，lib.rs 用于验证账户被调用的次数

// lib.rs
// 引入本地作用域，用于序列化和反序列化
use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
// 引入 Solana
use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    msg,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
};

/// Define the type of state stored in accounts
#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct GreetingAccount {
    /// number of greetings
    pub counter: u32,
}

// 程序入口点
entrypoint!(process_instruction);

// Program entrypoint's implementation
pub fn process_instruction(
    // 交互地址
    program_id: &Pubkey, // Public key of the account the hello world program was loaded into
    //程序交互的账户列表
  	accounts: &[AccountInfo], // The account to say hello to
    _instruction_data: &[u8], // Ignored, all helloworld instructions are hellos
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Hello World Rust program entrypoint");

    // Iterating accounts is safer than indexing
    let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

    // Get the account to say hello to
    let account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

    // The account must be owned by the program in order to modify its data
    if account.owner != program_id {
        msg!("Greeted account does not have the correct program id");
        return Err(ProgramError::IncorrectProgramId);
    }

    // Increment and store the number of times the account has been greeted
    let mut greeting_account = GreetingAccount::try_from_slice(&account.data.borrow())?;
    greeting_account.counter += 1;
    greeting_account.serialize(&mut &mut account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;

    msg!("Greeted {} time(s)!", greeting_account.counter);
		// 成功则返回
    Ok(())
}

// Sanity tests
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;
    use solana_program::clock::Epoch;
    use std::mem;

    #[test]
    fn test_sanity() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::default();
        let key = Pubkey::default();
        let mut lamports = 0;
        let mut data = vec![0; mem::size_of::<u32>()];
        let owner = Pubkey::default();
        let account = AccountInfo::new(
            &key,
            false,
            true,
            &mut lamports,
            &mut data,
            &owner,
            false,
            Epoch::default(),
        );
        let instruction_data: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();

        let accounts = vec![account];
				// 搞了几个断言，可以自己跑起来理解一下
        assert_eq!(
            GreetingAccount::try_from_slice(&accounts[0].data.borrow())
                .unwrap()
                .counter,
            0
        );
        process_instruction(&program_id, &accounts, &instruction_data).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            GreetingAccount::try_from_slice(&accounts[0].data.borrow())
                .unwrap()
                .counter,
            1
        );
        process_instruction(&program_id, &accounts, &instruction_data).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            GreetingAccount::try_from_slice(&accounts[0].data.borrow())
                .unwrap()
                .counter,
            2
        );
    }
}

若您认为上述步骤较为繁琐，可以使用 Solana Playground 在线编译：https://beta.solpg.io/。结合上面的程序，可以归纳出 Solana 程序的大致逻辑：首先用到了 solana_program 标准库，并将下列代码纳入作用域

use solana_program::{
    account_info::{next_account_info, AccountInfo},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    msg,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    pubkey::Pubkey,
};

• AccountInfo：account_info 模块中的一个结构体，允许我们访问帐户信息。

• entrypoint：声明程序入口点的宏，类似于 Rust 中的 main 函数。

• ProgramResult：entrypoint 模块中的返回值类型。

• Pubkey：pubkey 模块中的一个结构体，允许我们将地址作为公钥访问。

• msg：一个允许我们将消息打印到程序日志的宏，类似于 Rust 中的 println宏。

Solana 的入口点由 entrypoint! 宏声明，相应地可以这样声明一个入口点

entrypoint!(process_instruction_one);
fn process_instruction_one(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    // do something
    Ok(())
}

通常编写一个累加程序都需要定义一个变量来存储 cnt，而 Solana 定义了 Account 数据账户用于存储数据，具体可以参看开发文档（链接见上）

/// 定义数据账户的结构
#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
pub struct CounterAccount {
    pub count: u32,
}

随后通过 \#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug)] 这两个派生宏实现序列化与反序列化

此处的 CounterAccount 结构体对应数据账户，只能由 Owner 所有者修改。总体流程如下：

先创建一个 AccountInfo 迭代器，用于遍历 accounts 数组。

let accounts_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

然后从迭代器中获取下一个账户信息，即存储计数器的数据账户

let account = next_account_info(accounts_iter)?;

接着加载数据账户数据

let mut counter_account = CounterAccount::try_from_slice(&account.data.borrow())?;

从数据账户的 data 字段中反序列化出 CounterAccount 结构体。try_from_slice 方法会将字节数组转换为 CounterAccount 结构体，随后执行 +=1 并写回账户

counter_account.serialize(&mut &mut account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
Ok(()) /// 成功

其余示例可参见官方文档，此处不再重复

Anchor

Anchor 是 Solana Sealevel 运行时的框架，为编写智能合约提供了若干便利的开发工具。

• Rust eDSL 用于编写 Solana 程序

• IDL 规范

• 用于从 IDL 生成客户端的 TypeScript 包

• 用于开发完整应用程序的 CLI 和工作区管理

机翻自 Github https://github.com/coral-xyz/anchor，官方文档：https://www.anchor-lang.com/docs/installation

安装

cargo install --git https://github.com/coral-xyz/anchor avm --force
avm --version
avm install latest

创建项目 https://www.anchor-lang.com/docs/references/cli#init

anchor init anchor_solana_test
# 创建程序
anchor new xxx
# 验证链上部署的程序是否与本地匹配
anchor verify

构建智能合约后，会在 target/deploy 目录下生成一个二进制文件

anchor build [anchor_solana_test]
# 目录下就是
anchor build

测试程序

anchor test

部署程序

anchor deploy --env devnet # 部署到测试网加个 --env 就行了

Anchor 同样提供了大量宏，可查阅文档。此处补一份项目结构（基于 Playground）

还是 DevOps 更为便捷。

Solana NFT

• 数量单独设定，一旦超过便无法继续铸造

使用 Anchor 脚手架进行配置

use anchor_spl::{
    associated_token::AssociatedToken,
    metadata::{
      	/// 这两个函数用于创建 NFT 的元数据账户和主版本账户（Master Edition），这些是 Metaplex Token Metadata 程序中的核心功能。
        create_master_edition_v3, create_metadata_accounts_v3, CreateMasterEditionV3,
        CreateMetadataAccountsV3, Metadata
    },
    token::{mint_to, Mint, MintTo, Token, TokenAccount},
};

use mpl_token_metadata::types::DataV2;

use mpl_token_metadata::accounts::{MasterEdition, Metadata as MetadataAccount};

铸造调用为 mint_to(cpi_context, 1)?;，此处补充一张图

Release

切换网络

solana config set --url devnet

构建项目

anchor init icecliffs_nft

导入依赖

[package]
name = "icecliffs_nft"
version = "0.1.0"
description = "Created with Anchor"
edition = "2021"

[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
name = "icecliffs_nft"

[features]
default = []
cpi = ["no-entrypoint"]
no-entrypoint = []
no-idl = []
no-log-ix-name = []
idl-build = ["anchor-lang/idl-build", "anchor-spl/idl-build"]

[dependencies]
anchor-lang = "0.30.1"
anchor-spl = {version = "0.30.1",features = ["metadata"]}
mpl-token-metadata = "5.1.0"

源代码

/// lib.rs
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;
use anchor_spl::{
    associated_token::AssociatedToken,
    metadata::{
        create_master_edition_v3, create_metadata_accounts_v3, CreateMasterEditionV3,
        CreateMetadataAccountsV3, Metadata
    }, 
    token::{mint_to, Mint, MintTo, Token, TokenAccount},
};

use mpl_token_metadata::types::DataV2;

use mpl_token_metadata::accounts::{ MasterEdition, Metadata as MetadataAccount};

declare_id!("Examp1eProgram1111111111111111111111111111");
#[program]
pub mod metaplex_nft {

    use super::*;

    pub fn mint_nft(
        ctx: Context<MintNFT>,
        name: String,  
        symbol: String, 
        uri: String,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let cpi_program = ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info();

        let cpi_accounts = MintTo {
            mint: ctx.accounts.mint.to_account_info(),
            to: ctx.accounts.associated_token_account.to_account_info(),
            authority: ctx.accounts.signer.to_account_info(),
        };

        let cpi_context = CpiContext::new(
            cpi_program,
            cpi_accounts,
        );

        mint_to(cpi_context, 1)?;

        let cpi_context = CpiContext::new(
            ctx.accounts.token_metadata_program.to_account_info(),
            CreateMetadataAccountsV3 {
                metadata: ctx.accounts.metadata_account.to_account_info(),
                mint: ctx.accounts.mint.to_account_info(),
                mint_authority: ctx.accounts.signer.to_account_info(),
                update_authority: ctx.accounts.signer.to_account_info(),
                payer: ctx.accounts.signer.to_account_info(),
                system_program: ctx.accounts.system_program.to_account_info(),
                rent: ctx.accounts.rent.to_account_info(),
            },
        );

        let data_v2 = DataV2 {
            name: name,
            symbol: symbol,
            uri: uri,
            seller_fee_basis_points: 0,
            creators: None,
            collection: None,
            uses: None,
        };

        create_metadata_accounts_v3(cpi_context, data_v2, false, true, None)?;

        let cpi_context = CpiContext::new(
            ctx.accounts.token_metadata_program.to_account_info(),
            CreateMasterEditionV3 {
                edition: ctx.accounts.master_edition_account.to_account_info(),
                mint: ctx.accounts.mint.to_account_info(),
                update_authority: ctx.accounts.signer.to_account_info(),
                mint_authority: ctx.accounts.signer.to_account_info(),
                payer: ctx.accounts.signer.to_account_info(),
                metadata: ctx.accounts.metadata_account.to_account_info(),
                token_program: ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info(),
                system_program: ctx.accounts.system_program.to_account_info(),
                rent: ctx.accounts.rent.to_account_info(),
            },
        );

        create_master_edition_v3(cpi_context, None)?;

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct MintNFT<'info> {
    /// CHECK: The signer field is safe because it is verified elsewhere in the program.
    #[account(mut, signer)]
    pub signer: AccountInfo<'info>,
    #[account(
        init,
        payer = signer,
        mint::decimals = 0,
        mint::authority = signer.key(),
        mint::freeze_authority = signer.key(),
    )]
    pub mint: Account<'info, Mint>,
    #[account(
        init_if_needed,
        payer = signer,
        associated_token::mint = mint,
        associated_token::authority = signer
    )]
    pub associated_token_account: Account<'info, TokenAccount>,
    /// CHECK - address
    #[account(
        mut,
        address = MetadataAccount::find_pda(&mint.key()).0,
    )]
    pub metadata_account: AccountInfo<'info>, 
    /// CHECK - address
    #[account(
        mut,
        address = MasterEdition::find_pda(&mint.key()).0,
    )]
    pub master_edition_account: AccountInfo<'info>,

    pub token_program: Program<'info, Token>,
    pub associated_token_program: Program<'info, AssociatedToken>,
    pub token_metadata_program: Program<'info, Metadata>,
    pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
    pub rent: Sysvar<'info, Rent>,
}

部署程序

anchor build && anchor deploy

交互环节

import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { MetaplexNft } from ".https://bfs.iloli.moe/2025/02/14/target/types/metaplex_nft";
import { walletAdapterIdentity } from "@metaplex-foundation/umi-signer-wallet-adapters";
import { getAssociatedTokenAddress } from "@solana/spl-token";
import {
  findMasterEditionPda,
  findMetadataPda,
  mplTokenMetadata,
  MPL_TOKEN_METADATA_PROGRAM_ID,
} from "@metaplex-foundation/mpl-token-metadata";
import { createUmi } from "@metaplex-foundation/umi-bundle-defaults";
import { publicKey } from "@metaplex-foundation/umi";

import {
  TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
} from "@solana/spl-token";

describe("solana-nft-anchor", async () => {
  // Configured the client to use the devnet cluster.
  const provider = anchor.AnchorProvider.env();
  anchor.setProvider(provider);
  const program = anchor.workspace
    .MetaplexNft as Program<MetaplexNft>;

  const signer = provider.wallet;

  const umi = createUmi("https://api.devnet.solana.com")
    .use(walletAdapterIdentity(signer))
    .use(mplTokenMetadata());

  const mint = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();

  // Derive the associated token address account for the mint
  const associatedTokenAccount = await getAssociatedTokenAddress(
    mint.publicKey,
    signer.publicKey
  );

  // derive the metadata account
  let metadataAccount = findMetadataPda(umi, {
    mint: publicKey(mint.publicKey),
  })[0];

  //derive the master edition pda
  let masterEditionAccount = findMasterEditionPda(umi, {
    mint: publicKey(mint.publicKey),
  })[0];

  const metadata = {
    name: "HackQuest",
    symbol: "HQ",
    uri: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Louis-XWB/metaplex_nft/chore_branch/meta.json",
  };

  it("mints nft!", async () => {
    const tx = await program.methods
      .mintNft(metadata.name, metadata.symbol, metadata.uri)
      .accounts({
        signer: provider.publicKey,
        mint: mint.publicKey,
        associatedTokenAccount,
        metadataAccount,
        masterEditionAccount,
        tokenProgram: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
        associatedTokenProgram: ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
        tokenMetadataProgram: MPL_TOKEN_METADATA_PROGRAM_ID,
        systemProgram: anchor.web3.SystemProgram.programId,
        rent: anchor.web3.SYSVAR_RENT_PUBKEY,
      })
      .signers([mint])
      .rpc();

    console.log(
      `mint nft tx: https://explorer.solana.com/tx/${tx}?cluster=devnet`
    );
    console.log(
      `minted nft: https://explorer.solana.com/address/${mint.publicKey}?cluster=devnet`
    );
  });
});

铸造 NFT

anchor test

查看 NFT

minted nft

Reference

• https://solana.com/zh
• https://solana.com/zh/docs?locale=docs
• https://solana.com/zh/developers
• https://www.ironforge.cloud/，DevOps
• https://discord.com/invite/qcMZEgydXP，Solana
• https://rustmagazine.github.io/rust_magazine_2021/chapter_10/solana-learn-part1.html